When conducting RNP operations with non-WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) equipped aircraft, reliable navigation in case of GPS system failure must be assured and RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring) availability confirmed. RAIM predictions can be used for flight-planning up to how many hours in advance of the planned departure?
The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) provides extremely accurate navigation capability by augmenting the Global Positioning System (GPS). It was developed for civil aviation by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and covers most of the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) as well as parts of Canada and Mexico.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of DME/DME updating as a reversionary mode during the RNP AR approach or missed approach?
P-RNAV is defined as RNAV that meets a track keeping accuracy that is equal to or better than:
P-RNAV is defined as RNAV that meets a track keeping accuracy equal to or better than plus or minus 1 NM for 95 percent of the flight time. This value includes signal source error, airborne receiver error, display system error, and flight technical error.
RNP 1 operations require which position source?
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) refers to any satellite constellation that provides global positioning, navigation, and timing services. There are Galileo (EU), GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia) and BeiDou (China). Using signals from space, each of these systems transmits ranging and timing data to GNSS-enabled receivers, which then use this data to determine location.
At certain locations, the airspace or obstacle environment may require an RNP capability of less than 1.0 during a missed approach. Typically these approaches also require redundant equipment.
For oceanic, remote, enroute, and terminal operations, an RNP specification is designated as RNP/RNAV 'X', such as RNP 4.
In order to provide ATC with the necessary information on what type of RNAV capability the aircraft has, the appropriate code must be written in the Flight Plan for items 10 or 18. For aircraft that are equipped with B-RNAV/RNAV 5, what letter should be entered for Item 10A?
R indicates the Perfomance Based Navigation (PBN) levels that can be met. It is used by ATC for clearance and routing purposes. The insertion of R in the field 10A requires PBN/ to be present in field 18. The PBN sub-field contains the RNAV and/or RNP certifications and operational approvals.
What component is considered negligible in the Total System Error (TSE)?
The path definition error is the difference between the desired flight path and the coded flight path in the Navigation Data Base. This component is considered as negligible on the basis of the navigation database validation
In order to be eligible for RNP or RNAV operations, an aircraft must:
The aircraft must be equipped with certified RNP or RNAV avionics systems that meet the specific navigation performance and functionality requirements for the intended operations. This includes GNSS receivers, Flight Management Systems (FMS), and other navigation sensors.
Which system is required for RNP 4 operations?
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The term "EPU" stands for:
Estimated position uncertainty (EPU) is a measure in nautical miles based on a defined scale that indicates the estimated performance of the current position of the aircraft.
During B-RNAV operations if RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring) detection function is lost or experiences a loss of integrity, if cross-checking other on-board navigation systems reveals there is still an acceptable level of IFR navigation performance you may then continue to use the GPS or WAAS equipment for navigation.
When the RAIM detection function is lost or compromised, you can still use the GPS or WAAS equipment as a primary means of navigation in B-RNAV operations. GPS or WAAS can provide accurate position information even if the RAIM integrity monitoring is not available. It's important to monitor the GPS equipment's performance and integrity, and if there are any indications of inaccurate data, appropriate action should be taken to ensure safety.
During a STAR, a "descend via" clearance provides pilots:
RNP 4 operations are primarily used in:
RNP 4 was developed for operations in oceanic and remote areas, therefore, it does not require any ground-based navaid infrastructure. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is the primary navigation sensor that supports RNP 4, either as a stand-alone navigation system or as part of a multi-sensor system.
Onboard Performance Monitoring and Alerting (OBPMA) is a requirement for:
An on-board performance monitoring and alerting function (OBPMA) is required in all RNP specifications. It is an on-board functionality of the FMS and provides an alert to the flight crew when a required confidence in the position information is no longer met.
During operations on the initial and intermediate segments and for the missed approach of an RNP APCH procedure, the lateral Total System Error (TSE) and along-track (ATRK) error must be within:
When conducting an RNAV DP or STAR procedure, differences between the chart and navigation display are operationally acceptable as long as they do not exceed:
Which PBN operation does NOT require onboard performance monitoring?
Navigation integrity ensures the aircraft's position remains within a determined area for what percentage of the flight time?
What is the primary navigation system to support RNP APCH procedures?
In the U.S., RNP APCH procedures are titled RNAV (GPS) and offer several lines of minima to accommodate varying levels of aircraft equipage: either lateral navigation (LNAV), LNAV/vertical navigation (LNAV/VNAV), Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV), and Localizer Performance (LP).
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A PBN endorsement is granted after:
The term 'PANS-OPS' refers to:
These are standards and recommended practices (SARPs) published by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). They provide detailed guidance on designing instrument flight procedures, including approach, departure, and en-route procedures, to ensure the safety, efficiency, and regularity of international air navigation.
Performance Based Navigation (PBN) is comprised of Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) and describes an aircraft's capability to navigate using performance standards. RNAV enables aircraft to fly on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground or space-based navigation aids, within the limits of the capability of the self-contained systems, or a combination of both capabilities. RNP is RNAV with the addition of onboard performance monitoring and alerting capability.
If ATC issues a heading assignment that takes the aircraft off a procedure, do the specified route-accuracy requirements still apply?
For RNAV 10 operations, what equipment is required?
Does the PBN concept include vertical performance?
RNAV 5 is also known as:
RNAV 5 systems permit aircraft navigation along any desired flight path within the coverage of ground or space-base navigation aids (NAVAIDS) or within the limits of the capability of self-contained aids or a combination of both methods.
An aircraft approved for RNP 1 is automatically approved for RNP 4.
False. Aircraft approved for more stringent requirements may not meet functional requirements of less stringent specifications.
Which PBN operation supports a 50 NM separation minimum?
RNAV 10 supports 50 NM lateral and the 50 NM longitudinal distance based separation minima in oceanic or remote area airspace. RNAV 10 does not require on-board performance monitoring and alerting. RNAV 10 requires that aircraft operating in oceanic and remote areas be equipped with at least two independent and serviceable LRNSs comprising an INS, an IRS FMS or a GNSS, with an integrity such that the navigation system does not provide an unacceptable probability of misleading information.
Pilots must verify that the current local altimeter at the airport of intended landing is set no later than when reaching:
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PBN operations allow aircraft to:
What does PBN stand for?
Which system provides the actual navigation accuracy value in Airbus aircraft cockpits?
EPU typically refers to the uncertainty in the aircraft's calculated position. This uncertainty can be influenced by various factors including the accuracy of the navigation sensors, environmental conditions, and the quality of the position estimation algorithms used by the aircraft's systems.
Which PBN operation enables curved approaches and direct routes?
Typically RNAV 1 is used for SIDs and STARs. Aircraft must maintain a total system error of not more than 1 NM for 95 percent of the total flight time. The RNP 1 specification is intended for similar operations outside radar coverage.
Area Navigation (RNAV) began with the introduction of:
Which document specifies the design criteria for RNAV operations?
During RNP APCH procedures, pilots must confirm that the system has initiated a transition from terminal mode to the approach mode at what distance prior to the FAF?
Which operation is referred to as US-RNAV in North America?
In order to be considered eligible for B-RNAV, aircraft equipment must meet a minimum track keeping accuracy equal to or better than:
The Performance-based Navigation (PBN) concept specifies that aircraft RNAV and RNP system performance requirements be defined in terms of:
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When loading a Precision Area Navigation (P-RNAV) procedure, the waypoints used must be published waypoints that are part of the procedure. These waypoints can be:
It's essential that the waypoints are accurately loaded and correspond to the published procedure to ensure compliance with the required navigation performance and safety standards.
What is the minimum navigation accuracy required for RNP 1 operations?
RNP 1 is for arrival and initial, intermediate and missed approach as well as departure navigation applications.